Accepted Papers
Pascal Lupien (Brock University)
Dolores Figueroa (Centro de Investigaciones)
Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social (CIESAS) México)
Carrie Demmans Epp (EdTeKLA Group, University of Alberta)
Adriana Rincón (University of Massachusetts Boston)
Indigenous women across the Americas have played a crucial role in struggles for self-determination and have actively participated in civil society organizations (CSOs). In the information age, they need the right tools to support this resilience. Knowledge of how Indigenous CSOs use ICTs to engage in the public sphere is growing, but we know relatively little about the impact of technologies on the capacity of Indigenous women to pursue their goals. We call for ICT research that integrates gender and indigeneity, and actively includes women at every stage, to support the co-development of solutions that give Indigenous women more power both within and outside their communities.Paper
Anuva Chowdhury (Sunbeams)
Nova Ahmed (North South University)
The study the explores state of access to digital financial tools in urban lower-income communities in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Our work relates to existing literature that explores social, cultural and structural barriers women face in accessing technology, as well as to existing literature covering digital financial inclusion methods used in developing regions.
We have conducted a qualitative study (n=10, F=4, M=6) over two weeks. The low literate group shared challenges in accessing technology and expressed fear towards using digital financial tools. We propose a a future design that is inclusive of lower income communities, and awareness about gender equality in educational access.Paper
MUHAMMAD SADI ADAMU (LANCASTER UNIVERSITY)
In recent times, HCI has widens its horizon to a broad range of design perspective and cultural experiences. However, there appears to be a continual subjugation of ‘Other’ modes of knowing and theorizing in contemporary discourse, which unfortunately finds solace in postcolonial approaches to computing. As such, the position paper outlines the conceptual ideas about a transatlantic approach to designing by/with the pluriversal, which focuses on the compositional and integrative aspect of culture in the (re)presentation of diverse experiences in African design.Paper
Kartik Joshi (Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai)
Past research has shown that the access and use of technology by different genders varies significantly. The notion of work among genders is also put to cultural scrutiny. However, as power dynamics evolve, more diverse usage patterns are observed. Through this study, I initiated a conversation with the homemakers in India to know about their challenges as women entrepreneurs while simultaneously adhering to their cultural convention of being a “housewife”. I conducted semi-structured interviews to capture their aspirations and motivation behind starting their venture and the role of social media in their business. Insights from the data could be used to improve digital platform experiences. In this position paper, I share the initial findings and seek direction for facilitating design approaches that align with the aspirations of a homemaker in the global south.Paper
Jamuna Krishnan (Consultant Psychiatrist, Specialist Maori Mental Health Service, Wellington, New Zealand)
Nilufar Baghaei (Games and Extended Reality Lab, School of Natural and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand)
Levi Fox (School of Education and Social Work, The University of Sydney, Australia)
Descriptive psychopathology is a contentious research area in psychiatry due to its apparent subjective nature. It gives a static description of mental experiences that does not fully take into account the cultural background of the person’s being in the world. Visual ethics is the term used for studying and examining the artistic processes, for example, within the Maori culture (New Zealand indigenous population). We believe an arts-based approach may provide new ways of understanding the shape of symptoms of the mind and illness experiences in different cultures. We recommend physical and digital art therapy to be incorporated as a subject in medical curriculum and psychiatric training in a culturally safe and sensitive manner.Paper
Rahat Jahangir Rony, (North South University)
Syeda Shabnam Khan, (North South University)
Nova Ahmed (North South University)
Digital financial services help low-income people especially low-income women to become empowered. Low-income people usually are not used to traditional banking because of their time constraints and lower literacy level where DFS provides them a scope of banking. However, the design interface of DFS is inadequate for this low-income and low-literacy group where it is important to look upon design for this community. In this study, we explored n=20 working women from the different professions in the Bangladeshi context to understand the contrast of using DFS among them. Paper
Fareeda Nawaz, (LUMS)
Abdul moeed Asad, (LUMS)
Maryam Mustafa (LUMS)
This paper proposes an intervention to archive and disseminate situated farming knowledge in rural Pakistan’s most populous region, Punjab. We explore farming practices and knowledge in rural Punjab and propose an intervention for archiving indigenous practices and knowledge that are traditionally passed by word-of-mouth through generations of farmers. Our intervention aims to improve local farming practices in the face of low yield per acre in the region by providing access to collated situated knowledge and experiences of specific farming problem solving to geographically diverse communities. We propose that this be done by leveraging trusted networks in the farming community.Paper
Md. Sabbir Ahmed (Eastern University, Bangladesh)
Rahat Jahangir Rony, (North South University)
Syeda Shabnam Khan, (North South University)
Anik Saha, Anik Sinha, (North South University)
Nova Ahmed (North South University)
The previous study finds that mobile banking can significantly contribute to reducing poverty especially in the case of women-headed households. Currently, due to the impact of the pandemic, a significant number of women are at risk of being pushed into poverty. However, to our best knowledge, during COVID none of the previous studies explored the factors that can affect the mobile banking of Bangladeshi women. Therefore, in this study, using 20 Bangladeshi womens’ data, we statistically analyze these factors. Our findings show that the women who are more educated, more engaged with technology, and more empowered, are more likely to use mobile banking. However, phone sharing with others shows a significant negative impact on it.Paper
Tobechukwu Nwabueze (Human-Computer Interaction Lab, School of Systems and Enterprises (SSE), Stevens Institute of Technology.)
Sang Won Bae (Director, Human-Computer Interaction Lab. School of Systems and Enterprises (SSE), Stevens Institute of Technology)
The main challenges of STEM education in Nigeria include slow rate of curriculum update, lack of essential laboratories, lack of practical-based learning tools, inadequate number of STEM teachers, and lack of adequate funding, especially in schools within rural areas. The goal of this research is to improve the teaching and learning of STEM in Nigerian secondary schools by building portable desktop 3D printers and scanners with locally manufactured and biodegradable parts, which will be affordable for Nigerian schools. We first a) develop a 3D printer and scanner with their software b) develop participatory design course programs with experts to empower both teachers and students in Nigeria by encouraging them to share new concepts and ideas and c) evaluate the efficacy of the programs, teaching and learning after adapting 3D technologies. With this position paper, we intend to contribute to recent discussions about decolonization of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) education across borders.Paper
Garreth Tigwell, Kristen Shinohara, and Laleh Nourian (Rochester Institute of Technology)
Since prior work has identified that cultural differences influence user design preferences and interaction methods, as well as emphasizing the need to reflect on the appropriateness of popular HCI principles, we believe that it is equally important to apply this inquiry to digital accessibility and how accessibility fits within the design process around the world. Our long-term plan is to build upon work in this area by investigating how digital designers in different parts of the world consider accessibility and whether current accessibility resources (often developed in the west) meet or conflict with their approach to design.Paper
Amna Liaqat (University of Toronto)
Cosmin Munteanu (University of Toronto)
In this position paper, we offer reflections on our explorations of methods of understanding populations at the intersection. We are employing these methods in an on-going series of projects called CrossRoads. CrossRoads aims to investigate the practices and needs of immigrant grandparents and grandchildren surrounding language sharing, cultural exchange, and memory preservation. We engaged with immigrant families across Canada in ethnographic participatory design activities to uncover their design needs. Grounded in this collaboration, we designed and are in the process of evaluating a potential tool with families. Our reflections touch on the transition from in-person to online sessions due to the pandemic, the effect of structural support on project success, and the multiple roles a researcher must adopt within a single session. While such transitions have occurred with numerous HCI research projects in 2020, our reflections here are grounded in both our own lived experiences as immigrants and that of our participants’ cultural contexts. Paper
Maya Mundell (Cornell University)
The goal of this study is to understand how people from marginalized groups increase their power and agency by using digital technology. This particular case study explores how digital/social media influencers who also identify as women of color and as digital sex workers create and leverage digital influence to empower themselves. Our goal is to understand their strategies and tactics, the logic behind those tactics, and the potential efficacy of those tactics to benefit marginalized populations.Paper
Eman Alofi and Sang Won Bae (Stevens Institute of Technology)
Patients’ health information is vital for caregivers and themselves to provide diligent care. Doctors, laboratories, and hospitals are also performing more tests and tracking more data about patients than ever before. Due to the increased information of patients in different clinical sectors especially for those that completely depend on handling patients’ information in a paper-based format, there should be an efficient way to handle patients’ information in a secure and effortless way. In this study, we aim to provide a working prototype that is about centralizing patients’ data as the main and unified way for offering an efficient way of handling patients’ information among healthcare sectors. That helps in exchanging and processing patient’s information effectively and quickly. That could be achieved by utilizing barcode techniques to encode patient’s information electronically and store their barcode in a unified server that uses an in-encryption method to secure patient’s data. To make sure the proposed method is workable, two recent literature reviews were used to prove the workability of the proposed prototype.Paper
Salah Aldin Falioun (Tokyo University of Foreign Studies)
Karen Fisher (University of Washington)
The Middle East is known as the Cradle of Civilization and the origin of three world religions. With millennia of Arab tribal culture, recent centuries have seen domination by medieval Western Crusaders, followed by the imperialist Ottoman Empire, then 20th century colonial division and rule by England and France per the secret 1916 Sykes-Picot compact. Foreign interference in the Arab quest to a pan-Arab nation reveal deep post-colonial effects on many aspects of daily life in the Arab world, including the appropriation of mobiles and social media. In most every Arab country, a common refrain is the “walls have ears” as people distrust media and communications tools, and yet have to make do with provided Western platforms.
Best described as a wicked problem: Arab conflict countries such as Syria were destabilized by their colonial roots, while numerous postcolonial actors further compounded the theatre of war—on the ground, through policy, funding and inaction—enabling the Syrian regime to further refine its craft of weaponizing information and communications against its citizens and the world. In our paper we briefly trace colonialism in the Middle East and discuss implications for HCI design in context of privacy needs and Syria.Paper
Carlos Augusto Bautista Isaza (Ph.D. Student)
Sang Won Lee (Assistant Professor)
In this paper we present the preliminary results of our study on understanding and determining the needs for socio-technical interventions in rural communities affected by Antipersonnel Mines (APM). We aim to interview four groups of stakeholders involved in the process of humanitarian demining to inquire about their current practices, information flow, technical and technological barriers and complexity of their environment from an HCI perspective. We seek to find opportunities for improvement and contribution areas to help these rural communities to avoid the risk of being injured by APM as well as contributions to the HCI community in terms of methods and approaches for regional, post-conflict situations.Paper
Gustavo Reimondo (TECNOLOGIA HUMANIZADA)
Hace años vengo trabajando en el desarrollo de software desde una perspectiva solidaria. Es decir que vincule el colectivo o comunidad usuaria con los desarrolladores en un intercambio de ida y vuelta. Donde cada parte habla y escucha. Este principio a sido la base que contextualizo el desarrollo del sistema de empoderamiento social solidario llamado Realidad Empoderada basado en la praxis social.Paper
Shivani Kapania and Kristen Olson (Google Research)
Hannah Highfill (Google Inc)
Diana Akrong, Lora Aroyo, and Praveen Paritosh (Google Research)
Nithya Sambasivan (Google)
AI models are increasingly built and deployed in high-stakes domains such as cancer diagnosis, poaching detection and predictive policing. Data is the critical infrastructure which largely determines performance, safety, robustness necessary to build these AI systems. We studied data practices in high-stakes AI, from interviews with 53 AI practitioners in India, East and West African countries, and USA. We ask, how is data captured and represented? Cui bono? In this paper, we discuss the lopsided nature of data work disproportionately benefiting AI makers, concerns around data ownership, and inadequate data democratization.Paper
Azhagu Meena SP (Google Research India)
Rajesh Veeraraghavan (Georgetown University)
Vivek Srinivasan (LibTech India)
Shivani Kapania (Google Research)
Vinodkumar Prabhakaran (Google)
Nithya Sambasivan (Google)
Marginalised communities in India, such as sanitation workers and domestic maids, are still devoid of theirbasic rights, despite the various legislations that seek to protect them. Marginalised citizens are increasinglybecoming subjects of data-driven technologies, such as human efficiency trackers, predictive policing, andmicrocredit allocation—to purportedly improve productivity, safety, and efficiency. One of the key challengeswith AI co-creation with marginalised communities in India is that of hearing and amplifying their voices,who have been subjugated by various entrenched forces, institutions, laws, and cultural morale for millennia,such as casteism, anti-muslim, and patriarchal prejudices. HCI and AI researchers may find themselvesstruggling with eliciting voices of the marginalised in South Asia—a base requirement for any participatoryexercise. In this position paper, we report early findings on methodological tensions in epistemic productionby marginalised communities in India to guide participatory development of ML technologies. We reportfrom semi-structured interviews with 10 sanitation workers, 5 domestic workers, and 2 community leadersin Tamilnadu and Karnataka, conducted till date, as part of our longitudinal action research. We highlighttactics that have worked for us, such as engaging with indigenous scholarship for acquiring scientific insightsabout the struggles of the community, interacting with the community leaders for systemic understanding,and asking scenario-based provocative questions at various stages of the AI pipeline to kindle conversations.Paper
Gustavo Fernández and Andrea Echeverría
Como investigadores nos asumimos fundamentalmente desde el diálogo, ese que se encuentra en la quietud del silencio a solas, o el que toma como punto de partida la interrogación.
Con ello nos afirmamos frente a la ambivalencia de lo que, en ocasiones el poder o la autoridad, suponen invisible. Este diálogo por el que nos posicionamos se suscribe a prácticas aprendidas, y aprehendidas, como sujetos en construcción y disputa en el contexto latinoamericano, ello a su vez representa condiciones concretas de existencia de amplias asimetrías, históricas conflictividades étnicas, de género, etarias, de clase, agrarias, las cuales complejiza las vidas de las mayorías a condiciones profundas de precarización y vulnerabilidad.Paper
Pascal Lupien (Brock University)
Carrie Demmans Epp (Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta)
Dolores Figueroa (CIESAS México)
Adriana Rincon (UMASS Boston)
Indigenous women across the Americas have played a crucial role in struggles for self-determination and have actively participated in civil society organizations (CSOs). In the information age, they need the right tools to support this resilience. Knowledge of how Indigenous CSOs use ICTs to engage in the public sphere is growing, but we know relatively little about the impact of technologies on the capacity of Indigenous women to pursue their goals. We call for ICT research that integrates gender and indigeneity, and actively includes women at every stage, to support the co-development of solutions that give Indigenous women more power both within and outside their communities.Paper
Accepted Abstracts
Safe spaces for politically contested dialogues Decoloniality praxis requires continuous questioning, disrupting, and imagining an otherwise of being and doing while addressing modernity and coloniality as experienced in the everyday. However, decoloniality praxis often raises concerns and fears of repercussions which further contributes to the silencing of voices that want to rise from the margins. Thus, this brings up subjects of – if designing” safe spaces” could be a stepping stone to bring together multiple voices to contribute to discussions geared towards the systemic changes desired freely. I would like to attend the workshop to contribute perspectives from Namibia, exploring the concept of “safe spaces” with a group of Namibian youth through virtual reality. In this case, we see safe spaces as places “enabling mutual learning, shared goals and visions, and further engaging in sensitive discussions relating to the futures of the youth” [1]. The Namibian youth position is convoluted; they have the agency to contribute to decisions that affect their futures critically. However, they are often confronted with oppositions by the current political leaders and community members who argue that they are “too young” and uninformed about their colonial past. I would also like to engage in the dialogues relating to the geo/body politics in decoloniality, as HCI researchers strive to “delink” from the western foundations of modernity and epistemologies [2]. I find this workshop timely as the world continues to undergo the current crisis and when technology usage becomes “if not only”, the medium of carrying out our design practices. 1. Rachel Charlotte Smith, Heike Winschiers-Theophilus, Asnath Paula Kambunga, and Sarala Krishnamurthy. 2020. Decolonizing Participatory Design: Memory Making in Namibia. Proceedings of the 16th Participatory Design Conference 2020 – Participation(s) Otherwise – Volume 1, ACM, 96–106. 2. Walter D. Mignolo. 2007. DELINKING: The rhetoric of modernity, the logic of coloniality and the grammar of decoloniality. Cultural Studies 21, 2–3: 449–514.
Women are continuing to increase their contribution to the financial economy of Bangladesh. Women in developing countries are becoming self-empowered by active participation in various professions. However, many of them are unable to conduct their financial activity independently due to social, normative, and inherent barriers. We have studied twenty semi-urban women as school teachers, potters, weavers, and housewives through focus group discussion using qualitative methodology where each group consisted of five women. Our findings focusing on a group of teachers and a group of housewives showed that some of them were comfortable using mobile phones for entertainment (e.g. social media, Facebook, youtube) but not interested in doing financial transactions. They were not comfortable with any financial applications or fintech because of complexities and also were less interested to explore basic technology on their own. We also tried to figure out the gaps between women and fintech products. We have observed some significant gaps in financial transactions from the women we studied: Male are managing the majority of the financially relevant transactions while women are dependent on help from others. They have low confidence, social barriers, lack of knowledge, and unfamiliarity with the transaction products. They also seek human contact and on-spot support which is unavailable for digital transactions. Based on our primary findings we want to propose some possible solutions as focusing on contextualized women user-centric promotion, and product design along with easy, interactive interfaces that will help them in communication, and having reliable product assistance. Moreover, such approaches might help these users to adopt fintech products.
The main challenges of STEM education in Nigeria include slow rate of curriculum update, lack of essential laboratories, lack of practical-based learning tools, inadequate number of STEM teachers, especially in schools within rural areas. The goal of this research is to improve the teaching and learning of STEM in Nigerian secondary schools by building portable desktop 3D printers and scanners with locally manufactured and biodegradable parts, which will be affordable for Nigerian schools. We first a) develop a 3D printer and scanner with their software b) design course programs with experts to guide both teachers and students in Nigeria, and c) evaluate the efficacy of the programs, teaching and learning after adapting 3D technologies. With this position paper, we intend to contribute to recent discussions about decolonization of Human Computer Interaction (HCI) education across borders.
Attending HCIxB 2021 will provide us with the right environment and like-minds to successfully interact, network, and share relevant knowledge on progressing this project for decolonizing HCI education across borders.
I am interested in exploring indigenous practices and beliefs around female intimate health in the Global South. Much of our understanding of female health, particularly in HCI, is based on a Western perspective which dismisses local practices and indigenous knowledge about how women see their own intimate health and their health practices as ‘myth’ and ‘taboos’. Many of the prevalent beliefs around menstruation in developing countries have recently been debunked; for example the belief in the prevalence of menstrual disorders in developing countries, the low usage of sanitary napkins in India(12%) or the belief that girls in developing countries are dropping out of school due to lack of menstrual products. It is important we move away from viewing women’s traditional ways of managing their intimate health (including menstrual health) as primitive and explore design possibilities for amplifying, leveraging and supporting existing practices.
Nowadays, large amounts of data are widely available for consumption. This has created a trend towards data-based narratives. This style of writing requires certain skills related to data retrieval and manipulation not only to create, but also to interpret. The ability to read, work, analyse and argue with data is called data literacy. These skills are not always well developed in schools, even though related aspects are mentioned in Brazil’s National Curriculum (BNCC). We have developed a data literacy qualitative scale to be used to direct the teaching of data literacy in high school classes. Now we believe that we can go further, transforming the foundation of our educational practices into data literacy to make them more ergonomic for the Brazilian context, through exploratory ethnographic research through graphic expressions from cultural references of our people and certain communities, that have the power to raise awareness, better inform and effectively create meaningful learning about the concepts being communicated.
My research considers the relevance of competitive video gaming—specifically the popular, internationally-played, first-person-shooter Overwatch (PC)—to the reproduction and maintenance of coloniality among an imagined, American ‘player base.’ In this case, coloniality is not contained to the obvious celebrated representations of colonial imperialism, and nor is the concept employed to investigate how the game, as a simulation, would seem to literally manifest procedural actions people attribute to imperial conquest. Rather, I employ coloniality to interrogate the significance of meta infrastructure used to characterize and subjugate the player against other players who play Overwatch. These information technologies often appear benign and descriptive in nature (and therefore, unproblematizable from a critical perspective), and so they are readily accepted as empirically relevant to studying and typifying people, social norms, and shared cultural values.
Drawing from historiographical and ethnographic research on the consequences of human categorization systems, I consider how data visualization participates in the construction of specific sociotechnical imaginaries (Jasanoff and Kim, 2015) about aspirational performance, moral conduct, stigmatized identities. When this normalized configuration would seem to break down, I argue “toxicity” operates as a phenomenological engagement with the externalities inherent to running the computer simulation on the micro structural level of interpersonal relationships, as well as the macro/meso structural scale of ecological ecosystems. Consequently, I contend that the reproduction of ‘toxicity’ relies on shared beliefs and common desires for a system that necessarily produces structural inequalities. Decolonization “is not always possible” belies the active participation many conduct to normalize and maintain those tactics and strategies that make the ongoing project of colonialism possible.
I hope to engage with HCI Across Borders as a participant to develop an understanding of research other people are conducting on this topic in this field. I stand to benefit from learning from others and sharing my current orientation to design in this context. I would like to speak further with organizers about participating with artwork specifically, and how discussion about art pieces will be facilitated (if at all!).Gutentor Simple Text
(This abstract and discussion proposal is co-authored by Sara Vannini – s.vannini@sheffield.ac.uk)
Cross-cultural research in Collaborative Systems shows differences in how groups of people around the world understand and engage with such systems. In our work, we have identified that on Stack Overflow (SO), one of the most popular Question & Answer (Q&A) Sites globally, groups of users in the Global South show lower levels of engagement with the platform than users in the Global North. Our study showed how even a technology that is built for cooperation and knowledge sharing, was built around an individualist framing to collaboration, drawing participants’ attention mainly to content and users’ reputation, instead of enabling spaces for users to learn or foster social networks. We argue that, in this sense, SO exemplifies how a technology developed in the North by Western institutions carries culturally biased values. In this case, SO unintentionally (or not) pushes forward a set of values that, although recognizable and appreciated by non-Westerners, create barriers for their engagement. In an attempt to break this pattern and find ways to engage perspectives from the Global South, we believe it is paramount that we (1) understand how people from different communities understand and engage with Collaborative Systems, and (2) design them to adapt and reflect people’s practices more closely. Throughout the past five years we have conducted interviews and focus-groups with Brazilian, Chinese, Indian, and US American developers that use SO; which informed how the platform can be adapted to better include them. This knowledge was used to develop a browser plugin that can adapt SO interface, allowing for experimental research on what affordances adaptations (pluriverses?) would be more successful in increasing engagement and feeling of belonging for participants with different backgrounds. We believe this approach is aligned with Mignolo’s decolonial call for “reconstitution of the destitute” and we are excited to discuss improvements and interactions with other decolonial research agendas.
In emerging markets the popularity of chat apps such as WhatsApp is increasing significantly. This has led to exploration of Chatbots as an opportunity to scale interventions in different fields, such as health and teaching. However, Chatbots suffer from several limitations, such as inability to handle code-switching efficiently or parse multi-modal messages of lesser known languages, eventually falling back on the need of human intervention. To solve this problem, we propose a new technology design for human and bot collaboration (Humbot) that are grounded in HCI4D and motivated on different types of shared use of smartphones prominent in developing contexts.
Recent advances in Artificial Intelligence have led to AI deployments in low resource contexts in healthcare, agriculture, and wildlife protection to serve underserved populations in remote parts of the world [1,2,3]. In this light, new initiatives and institutes have joined the bandwagon of using AI for social good in developing countries (Wadhwani Institute for AI [1], Microsoft Research Africa [3], and Google AI Research India [2]) with interesting prospects in the area. The trend in design is towards designing low-cost technologies and then using user research to contextualize the existing technology, with the intention to scale it. In this article, We argue that the existing approach leads to limited sustainable impact and it is necessary to design symbiotic relationships between AI and end-users. We provide two case studies to show that it is necessary to develop appropriate technology with participatory approaches for AI to impact remote parts of the world.
Accepted Pictorials
By Anthony Poon
In Cameroon, secondary school students face the most important exam of their lives in the baccalauréat or bac, a standardized exit exam they must pass to receive their diploma. We created a SMS and WhatsApp-based practice test intervention that encouraged students to study and better prepare themselves for this exam. However, even if it improved the outcomes of individual students, such a system did not change the Cameroonian education system, derived from French and English systems, and the colonial structures that underlies them. Instead, designing HCI-based interventions for decolonization might mean going beyond existing infrastructures. More important than the affect our intervention had on exam pass rates may be that it helped foster communities and social capital between students and their schoolmates, teachers, and tutors. Our partner NGO also ran summer school programs aimed at human capital development and skills training, and these may be a way to create parallel educational institutions that are context sensitive and serve the actual needs of students. More broadly, the social networks and parallel institutions created by a bottom-up, human-centered approach may be a first step in undoing the harm of colonialism and create meaningful alternatives to development.
By MANSI SALUNKE
With improving healthcare sector in India, the education plays an important role. Nurses being the connecting human link between various aspect of a healthcare system, has made me curious to focus on the education offered and received by the nurses. The external and internal conditions affecting nurses. And it’s impact on the healthcare sector. The interaction of a nurse and technology is unique and important as they are the first hand responder in hospital in patient emergency. Nursing resources should be improved on daily basis enabling personal growth in working environment.